Category: Patents

  • Future of IP + AI? Regenerative AI

    These are the GenAI
    prompts used to gather information about intellectual property (IP) and the
    world of artificial intelligence (AI), i.e., IP+AI. 
    This is part of our Regenerative AI project; recreate as needed,
    when needed, with the GenAI engines available to you at that time. Select
    results from various Generative AI engines (ChatGPT 4.0, Gemini, Claude,
    Copilot).  Look at writing and analysis
    of Human + Artificial Intelligence by Hall and (Hall & Lentz, 2024) over at
    ScenarioPlans.com (alias to DelphiPlan.com).

    This Regenerative AI article, The Future of IP with AI, is reproduced from ScenarioPlans.com (alias DelphiPlan.com) and adapted with permission.  The link to the PDF of the results is there.

    You the
    reader/user can recreate the prompts as needed, when needed, with the GenAI
    engines available to you at that time. Note that a couple prompts are included
    with multiple GenAI engines for comparison. 

    Future of IP with
    AI using GenAI?

    Q: Who owns the copyright
    when something is co-created by human + AI? When something is almost completely
    AI created? When something is totally AI created?

    Q: What about patents and
    inventions? Who is the inventor when something is co-invented by human + AI,
    when something is almost completely AI, when something is totally AI invented?

    Q: . . . and what about
    ownership of the intellectual property?

    Q: How does AI impact
    infringement?

    Q: Are
    trademarks in jeopardy from AI? What steps should be taken to protect TMs?

    Q: Write an article on
    intellectual property in the age of AI, include all the topics in the chat as
    well as any others that are important. Give one or more reliable sources for
    each section including links Wikipedia articles where appropriate (formatted APA
    style and a reference page)

    The graphic image was created using the last prompt by Hall
    (2024, May) and produced using DALL-E.

    #IntellectualProperty #IP #GenAI #PropertyRights #Inventor
    #Creator #Copyright #Patent #Trademark #TradeSecret

     

  • Samsung Takes over from IBM in the US Patents issued in 2022

    Samsung Electronics received the most US patents in 2022 for the first
    time since 1993. IBM, which had held the top spot for 29 consecutive
    years, came in second place.

    Rank Company Patents
    1 Samsung Electronics 6,248
    2 IBM 4,398
    3 Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing 3,024
    4 Huawei Technologies 2,836
    5 Canon 2,694
    6 LG Electronics 2,641
    7 Qualcomm 2,625
    8 Intel 2,418
    9 Apple 2,285
    10 Toyota 2,214

     In terms of the total “assigned” patents, IBM has also lost #1 position to Samsung.

    See prior posts about the Patent King, IBM: https://perpetualinnovation.org/2021/03/15/the-patent-king-ibm-for-28-years/

  • Innovative Countries — Global Innovation Index

    Innovative Countries — Global Innovation Index

    This is a great summary of innovation by country from Visual Capitalist. See the Global Innovation Index (GII) map here:https://www.visualcapitalist.com/most-innovative-countries-2022/

    First Published on IntellZine.com. Note the sustainability implications from innovation, and the lack of innovation.

    We,
    at Strategic Business Planning Company, www.SBP.com, are always
    interesting in all aspects of innovation. Sometimes we hear from a
    layperson or an executive that the most innovative country in the work
    is …  

    Israel and Ireland were
    mentioned in recent years.  One executive said that “all innovation
    comes from Israel”. All right, admittedly, Israel is a great source of
    innovation and invention, but it is a very small country (population,
    GDP). In absolute terms, Israel is not even close, but in relative terms
    (adjusted for size of country), Israel is a very respectable #16 in the
    world (GII score of 50.2).

    So,
    a quick search came up with this great source at Visual Capitalist
    shows that the top 6 countries are: Switzerland, USA, Sweden, and the UK
    all with innovation scores above 60. The rest of the top 10 had
    innovation scores over 56.

    Rank

      Country / Region

    Score

    1

    Switzerland

    64.6

    2

    U.S.

    61.8

    3

    Sweden

    61.6

    4

    United Kingdom

    59.7

    5

    Netherlands

    58.0

    6

    South Korea

    57.8

    7

    Singapore

    57.3

    8

    Germany

    57.2

    9

    Finland

    56.9

    10

    Denmark

    55.9

    Here is the summary of how the Global Innovation Index is developed/designed. (quote)

    Innovation is inherently challenging
    to quantify, but the Global Innovation Index is a longstanding attempt to do
    just that. The framework used for the index was
    designed to create a more complete analysis, comprising of 81 indicators
    across seven categories to calculate a country’s score:

    7 Categories

    Example Indicators

    🧳 Business Sophistication

    Business R&D spend, net inflows of foreign direct
    investment

    📈 Market Sophistication

    Size of economy’s GDP, intensity of local market
    competition

    🛣️ Infrastructure

    Road, hospital, school construction, energy efficiency

    👩‍🏫 Human Capital & Research

    Government funding per pupil, quality of scientific and
    research institutions

    🏛️ Institutions

    Political stability and safety, ease of starting a
    business

    💡 Creative Outputs

    Most valuable brands, industrial design applications,
    trademark applications

    👨‍💻 Knowledge and Technology Outputs

    Patent applications,
    increase in labor productivity, spending on software

    As the above table shows, the
    framework aims to identify indicators that foster an innovative environment and
    breakthrough technologies.

    Other Countries

     The article talks about regions, like North America (namely, US and Canada) and the EU with some 15 very innovative countries. 

    China came in 11th
    (GII score of 55.3). China sucks up technology from around the world —
    legally, unethically, and illegally. And then China shamelessly deploys
    and commercializes technology. In terms of patents, China is by far the
    busiest patent office in the world. World Intellectual Property Organization shows
    that China continues to be the busiest patent office in the world. The
    patent protection in china is not because it is the 2nd largest economy
    in the world behind the USA, it is because patent protection in the
    other big economies is also protected by reducing the knock-offs and
    piracy from China (India and other countries).

    South Africa is generally low on the GII innovation index with South Africa rated 61st country (GII of 29), then Morocco and Tunisia. The nexus of innovation (regions or pockets of innovation) seems to explain much of the GII innovation.

    Summary

    Innovation is complex with may areas that enable economic growth and development. A well rounded environment for invention and innovation is best. There are several ways to get to an economic environment that is innovation enabled and invention friendly.

  • The Patent KING: IBM for 28 years

    The Patent KING: IBM for 28 years

    IBM is again the leader in patents issued. That’s 28 years and running.  IBM had 9,130 patents issued in 2020, compared to the next highest, Samsung with 6,416.  There’s about 15 electronic and manufacturing companies with 2,000 to 3,000 patents issued. Note that all the top 10 are electronics and/or chip makers.  Forbes has a nice article by Roberts about the top 20 patent recipients of 2020

    Apple, the largest company by market cap ($2.1T), is 8th with 2,792 patents. Apple is starting to get serious about batteries and autos.

    Amazon and Google are the only two in the top 20 that are not electronics and/or manufacturing. Amazon (2,244 patents) comes up at 11th. Google at 17th had 1,817 patents issued. The automakers of Toyota and Ford are 14th and 15th.

    A couple years ago, Samsung kinda dethroned the King as discussed in our 2017 blog post: The End of a Patent Dynasty, IBM has Been Dethroned. Samsung, including all of its related companies, with lots and lots of design patents, outpaced IBM in 2016. For 2020, Samsung Display company had 1,902 patents, so Samsung, as a consortium of companies, again rivals IBM in total patents.

    GE, even though it is a shell of it’s former mega company, is still in the top 18, with 1,760 patents.  GE continues to divest of various business unites including financials to focus on a few core business like turbines, renewables, transportation and healthcare. 

    A Bloomberg article by Brody Ford on March 12 2021 discusses IBM as more of a Godfather of Patents than a King. With more that 38,000 active patents and a spectacular war chest of patent licenses, or cross licenses, IBM is a force to be reckoned with. Ford discussed Chewy fighting back, kind of the dog nipping at the heels of the King (or the Godfather). IBM is way down from the times when it was customary to produce $1B a year from licensing royalties. Patent revenues peaked at $1.7B in 2000 and then again in 2016 at $1.6B. The patent landscape has changed. One thing that Ford alluded to, but didn’t fully address, is that IBM has significantly changed the way they approach patent commercialization. If they can’t directly use patents, they seem to be doing a much better job of figuring out ways to commercialize. If they sell the patent, that, I believe, would not show up in their patent revenues which reflects royalty streams. 

    In the meanwhile, IBM is on a multi-decade move to upgrade the company to more relevant businesses and business models. Mainframes are only needed for businesses in “as a service” models (SaaS). 

    IBM is a leader in Quantum computing and in blockchain. IBM is actually my way to play the blockchain mega trend and avoid the mania associated with various bits and bytes of cyber coins. 

  • Invest in the Future of Self-Driving Cars and EVs

    When you look at the future of cars
    (and trucks) there’s a couple things that you can learn from the Jetsons. Yes,
    the cartoon characters of the future. Self-driving. Not limited by Gravity. 

    There are several things that would
    be reasonable to expect in the future of autos:

    1.     1.      Huge
    computing capabilities.

    2.      
    Mountains
    and mountains of data.

    3.      
    Lots
    of sensors.

    4.      
    Vehicles
    that can talk to each other, directly and indirectly. Kind of the Internet of
    things on (mobile) steroids.  (If the
    traffic ahead is stopped, it would be good to know before you get there.)

    5.      
    Electrification
    on the way to sustainable/renewable transportation.

    6.      
    Self-driving
    7.      
    New
    vehicle uses and business models.

    Although there is much overlap, we’ll
    focus on only two points at the moment, but from a stock-and-market
    perspective: the self-driving car and batteries (range). 
    Look at the article on IntellZine from 2017: Intel and Mobile Computing: An Eye on BIG Computing on the Move.

    Autos and Self-Driving. Everybody thinks of Tesla related
    to self-driving, but there are others. See excellent Wikipedia
    Self-Driving article.  Lots of investors are trying to jump into the
    early stages and even the late stages of this market. But let’s start with
    Tesla.

    Tesla’s market cap at the end of
    2020 exceeded $650B, making it larger (based on stock value) than the top 10
    automakers
    combined. In an industry that is expecting to sell only 14.5
    million units in 2020, it is a little hard to justify this crazy high market
    pricing. The Price-Earnings ratio is 1,300; but based on expected earnings, the
    PE is more rational for a growth stock at 160 times. However, if the rapid
    growth (130% yoy revenue growth) continues, the PEG ratio is closer to 1.3. For
    a smaller company expecting 100% or more revenue growth for several years is
    not impossible in some cases, but for a larger company going into a maturing
    industry, not so likely. So, buy tesla at these elevated levels at your own
    risk.

    The Tesla car has been referred to
    as an iPad on wheels. Much of the smarts behind the Tesla user interface is
    from Apple. Apple is by far the largest company in the world with $2.3T market
    cap. So, wouldn’t it be interesting if Apple decided to get into the Electric
    car business, as rumored (but not officially announced) in December 2020.
    Apple, in the meanwhile is developing their own chip sets so they can separate
    themselves from the big chipmakers, chips that are more efficient and faster.
    At the same time, Apple is partnering with manufactures of sensor technologies.
    Apple appears to be designing its own break-through battery technology. The
    current (announced) plan appears to be an Apple car release in 2024. (See the
    Reuter’s
    article
    about this
    .)

    So let’s see, the key 3 ingredients
    to the car of the future are: the software, the user interface/ecosystem, and
    the battery. Throw in the ability to market and sell. Anybody can manufacture
    the car, well, anyone with the factor and skilled factory workers. Apple looks
    like a safer buy even at a PE of 44 and 33 forward PE (back out the $100B cash,
    though). The PEG ratio is way high 3.3 because of -7% revenue growth last
    quarter, but it has historically been about 2.0 which is very reasonable for a
    mature but growth company.

    The other way to play these trends
    is to go for the break-through technology companies in the battery and sensor
    space. A couple that have gone absolutely nuts after a reverse merger this year
    are LAZR and (QS). QuantumScape (QS) has patented technologies and manufactures
    solid-state lithium-metal batteries, especially for the auto industry (up about
    1,000% over 6 months). Luminar Technologies (LAZR) designs, builds and sells
    long-range lidar products for autonomous driving (up about 300% since
    Thanksgiving). Both have stabilized a little, so consider buying them on
    weakness.

    Related to battery technology is
    fuel cell. Fuel cell technology functions like a battery or a battery backup,
    all you need is hydrogen. This year, fuel cell technology has gone absolutely
    bonkers. FuelCell (FCEL) is up from $2 to $12 in a month. Bloom (BE) is up from
    $5 in March to $30. Plug Power (PLUG) is up from $5 in June to $35 in December.
    Over the years you could have lost a lot of money owning these companies; maybe
    the time for fuel cell is finally arriving.

    In short, if you love Tesla, go buy
    the car. Lots of companies can, and will make the cars of the future, including
    electric and self-driving. The Tesla company does have room to grow in lots of
    directions (Trucks, Solar, HVAC), but there is already a MASIVE amount of
    growth already priced in.