Category: renewable energy

  • Orlando Utility Commission Whacks Solar Customers, and Slaps Ratepayers

     PeakSHIFT?
    More Like Peak … Well, You Know

    The
    Orlando Utilities Commission (OUC) must have been feeling bold when it approved
    the PeakSHIFT program – a set of rules that, despite its lofty goals of
    modernization, reliability, and sustainability, looks like a direct slap in the
    face to Florida’s rooftop solar customers and their neighbors. Yes, you read
    that right: neighbors.

    Let’s
    start with the hilariously skewed math of rooftop solar. When a homeowner with
    solar panels produces more power than they use, that clean, sunshine-born
    electricity flows directly to the next available need – typically the
    neighbor’s house. What does the neighbor pay for that energy? The full retail
    rate, of course, at about $0.11 per kilowatt-hour. Sounds fair, right? But
    here’s the kicker: the homeowner who provided that power is only paid back
    $0.04 per kilowatt-hour, the so-called “production cost” rate.

    Essentially,
    rooftop solar owners are subsidizing their neighbors while OUC pockets the
    difference. Sweet deal – for the utility.

    The Problem with
    PeakSHIFT

    The
    newly minted PeakSHIFT program has three “innovative” pricing designs:

    1. TruNet Solar: Starting in
      2025, new rooftop solar customers will get reduced export credits. So, if
      you’ve been dreaming of solar, congratulations – you can now save even
      less!
    2. DemandLevel: This adds
      fixed charges based on peak usage because nothing says “save energy” like
      penalizing you for using your AC during a Florida summer. (This could
      apply to all customers.)
    3. Shift &
      Save
      :
      Encourages off-peak energy use. A great idea if we’re all willing to sleep
      through the sweltering midday heat and do laundry at 3 a.m.

    But here’s the rub: Florida’s power
    demand spikes during the day – when rooftop solar is producing at its peak.
    That’s when utilities would otherwise have to rely on “peaker-power,” which
    costs a fortune compared to base load power. Rooftop solar dramatically reduces
    this need, saving everyone money. Yet somehow, instead of rewarding these solar
    heroes, OUC’s PeakSHIFT feels more like a punishment.

    And let’s not ignore the
    four-letter word some people use to describe PeakSHIFT. It might rhyme with a
    certain expletive – and it’s not hard to see why.

    Who Really
    Benefits from PeakSHIFT?

    Spoiler alert: It’s not the
    environment, the solar industry, or Florida homeowners. The real winners are
    the utilities, which get to maintain control over energy production while
    sidelining rooftop solar. Solar installers are left scratching their heads as
    they try to sell systems with an extended payback period, and homeowners are
    discouraged from investing in clean energy because the financial incentives are
    dwindling faster than an ice cube in July.

    It gets even better (worse). By
    imposing these new rules, OUC effectively shifts the burden of expensive peak
    power production back onto the grid, conveniently ignoring how much rooftop
    solar offsets those costs. Meanwhile, solar customers are asked to play ball in
    a rigged game.

    The Double
    Standard

    Here’s the irony: utilities rely on
    daytime solar power to avoid firing up costly peaker plants, but they still
    charge full retail rates to neighbors using that power. It’s as if rooftop
    solar customers are running a lemonade stand, only to have the utility swipe
    the lemonade and sell it to someone else at triple the price.

    This is not just bad policy – it’s
    comically transparent profiteering disguised as a modernization effort.

    The Incentives Are
    Broken – And They’re Breaking Us

    Florida’s power
    companies operate within a system that rewards them for building, not
    innovating. Utilities are effectively paid based on the size of their
    investments and assets under management. The bigger their portfolio, the more
    profit they rake in – above and beyond the actual cost of those investments.
    And guess who foots the bill? That’s right: every ratepayer.

    A prime example is
    the introduction of Demand-Level Pricing, a concept historically applied
    to large commercial entities with significant and erratic peak power usage. Applying
    this to homeowners, particularly those with rooftop solar, creates an
    unnecessary and confusing layer of cost management. This system essentially
    forces homeowners to absorb the utility’s grid balancing burden by either
    limiting their usage during peak times or investing in expensive battery
    systems to smooth out their power draw. In essence, new solar customers are
    expected to perform “power leveling” on behalf of the utility, ensuring grid
    stability while being charged for the privilege.

    Ironically, OUC
    might even expand demand pricing to all customers, effectively ensuring that
    all the solar power produced during the day – when demands are highest – is
    supplied to the microgrid for free. Meanwhile, OUC could still charge customers
    peak rates for that very same energy, making rooftop solar power a direct
    subsidy to the utility’s profits.

    This warped
    incentive structure drives utilities to clear vast tracts of land – 500 acres
    or more – to build massive solar power plants, rather than using existing
    impervious surfaces like rooftops or parking lots. These utility-scale projects
    qualify for the same 30% tax credit and depreciation tax shields as rooftop
    solar, but they also allow the utilities to pad their bottom line with even
    more capital investments. It’s a sweetheart deal, where utilities make money
    twice: first on the tax incentives, and then on the guaranteed returns from
    their growing asset base.

    Meanwhile,
    taxpayers and ratepayers are left footing the bill for this inefficiency. The
    Florida Public Service Commission and municipal utility commissions, like OUC,
    often seem more aligned with protecting the profits of local monopoly power
    companies than with serving the public interest. This isn’t surprising when you
    consider that many regulators have held – or hope to hold – cushy jobs with the
    very monopolies they’re supposed to oversee. It’s a cozy arrangement for the
    utilities, but it leaves Florida homeowners, small businesses, and the
    environment paying the price.

    And, if you think this Goofy Power SH**T is only
    happening in the Magic City of Orlando, think again. It is happening in
    California, Luisiana, Florida, and cities everywhere like NYC and throughout
    Texas.

    A Message to OUC

    Dear OUC, we see what you’re doing.
    And, we have to admit, the boldness is almost admirable. But please don’t
    pretend that PeakSHIFT is about sustainability or fairness. If it were, you’d
    be paying solar customers the same rate you charge their neighbors. You’d also
    acknowledge that rooftop solar is not the enemy but a partner in reducing peak
    energy demand and combating climate change.

    Instead, you’ve delivered a program
    that penalizes those trying to do the right thing while protecting outdated
    utility profit structures. Bravo.

    The Takeaway

    The
    PeakSHIFT program is a masterclass in how not to encourage clean energy
    adoption. By undervaluing solar production, overcomplicating pricing, and
    alienating potential customers, OUC has turned what could have been a
    forward-thinking policy into a punchline. The only thing they are modernizing
    is their PR spin, and what a whirlpool of miss-information it is.

    Florida
    deserves energy policies that reward innovation and collaboration, not
    confusion and disincentives. Maybe next time, OUC can aim for solutions that
    genuinely reflect the spirit of modernization – not just a power grab and
    siphoning off rooftop solar profits.

    By Elmer Hall (2024, Dec. 12) with
    assistance of ChatGPT 4o, Perplexity.ai, Gemini Advanced and DALL-E for
    graphics.

    #RooftopSolar #RenewableEnergy
    #RE100 #Solar #REInvestmentTaxCredit #SustainZine #PerpectualInnovation #SBPlan
    #OUC #PeakSHIFT #NetMetering

    #GenAI #rdAI

    By
    Elmer Hall (2024, Dec. 12) with assistance of Perplexity.ai, ChatGPT 4o and
    Gemini Advanced. Abstract surrealistic artwork inspired by Salvador Dalí’s
    style, depicting the transformation of rooftop solar adoption over time in the
    central Florida sun. DALL-E (2024, Dec. 12) with prompts by Elmer Hall.

    Elmer Hall, DIBA, is President of Strategic
    Business Planning Company
    .  SBP develops plans that every organization
    needs(tm): startups, nonprofit, sustainability, and patent commercialization.
     Dr. Hall has published several books and has been a professor of business
    (DM, DBA & MBA) and Management Information Systems (MIS). With his latest Perpetual
    Innovation™
    books on Rapid Strategic Planning he is using Regenerative
    Dynamic AI
    (rdAI) and the motto: Plan Fast, Act Smart, Make a
    Difference!™

  • Solar with Batteries vs. Generator: A Cost-Benefit Analysis

    In
    the realm of backup power solutions, homeowners and businesses often find
    themselves choosing between traditional generators and modern solar systems
    with battery backup. While both options provide energy security during outages,
    their long-term costs and benefits differ significantly. In this case we are looking at a larger, whole-home sized generator and comparing it to a solar system that produces as much or more power. See table below for comparison of costs, savings and benefits.

    Sunk Cost vs Investment

    Note that the
    generator is a sunk cost, basically designed as insurance for power outages. It
    can avoid food loss from refrigerators/ freezers, operate emergency appliances,
    and maintain comfort. The best situation is if the power never goes out, and
    the generator is never used (except for required maintenance).

    The solar+battery
    investment assumes Net Metering with the power company. All the power produced
    is used directly or transferred out to the power grid. The savings, in this
    case, is $150 per month of locally produced solar power making this an
    excellent investment for a homeowner (especially with the 30% Federal renewable
    energy tax credit). It is a crazy profitable investment for a business because
    they also get the benefits of depreciation which reduces their income (and
    therefore provides a tax “shield”).

    Oh, and
    solar+battery provides an uninterruptible battery backup solution for outages.
    Think of the UPS that you hook computers and sensitive equipment to in the
    office.

    Initial Investment

    A typical
    whole-home generator costs around $20,000 installed, offering immediate
    backup power during outages

    In contrast, a
    solar system with battery backup may require a higher initial investment of
    about $35,000, before tax benefits.

    However, this
    upfront cost difference doesn’t tell the whole story.

    Long-Term Financial Impact

    Generator Costs

    Over a 20-year
    lifespan, a whole-home generator’s total cost, including fuel and maintenance, can reach
    approximately $32,138 in net present value

    This calculation
    factors in weekly test runs, monthly usage for backup, and annual maintenance
    costs.

    Solar System Benefits

    A solar system
    with battery backup, while more expensive initially, offers significant
    long-term savings:

    • Electricity
      Bill Reduction
      :
      The system can potentially save $1,800 annually in electricity costs, with
      savings increasing as energy prices rise
    • Tax
      Incentives
      :
      A 30% federal investment tax credit substantially reduces the initial cost
    • Return
      on Investment
      :
      Over 25 years, the system could generate a total savings of $66,821,
      resulting in a 172.74% ROI

    Business Advantages

    For businesses,
    particularly incorporated farms, the financial benefits of solar are even more
    pronounced:

    • Accelerated
      Depreciation
      :
      Using Section 179 depreciation, businesses can deduct 85% of the system’s
      cost in the first year
    • Enhanced
      ROI
      :
      With tax benefits, the effective cost drops to $16,170, boosting the ROI
      to an impressive 313.24% over 25 years

    Environmental Impact

    Solar systems
    offer the added benefit of reducing carbon footprint, aligning with growing
    environmental concerns and potentially improving corporate image.

    Conclusion

    While generators
    provide reliable backup power with a lower initial cost, solar systems with
    battery backup offer superior long-term financial benefits and environmental
    advantages. For homeowners, the choice may depend on immediate budget
    constraints versus long-term savings. For businesses, especially those able to
    leverage tax benefits, solar presents a compelling financial case, combining
    energy independence with significant cost savings over time.


     Comparison of Major Factors in Whole Home Generator vs Solar+Battery

    Factor

    Whole-Home
    Generator

    Solar System
    w/Battery Backup

    Initial Cost

    $20,000
    installed

    $35,000
    installed

    Net Cost After
    Incentives

    $20,000

    $24,500
    (homeowner*),
    $16,170 (business)

    Lifespan

    20 years

    25 years

    Net Present
    Value (NPV)

    -$32,138

    +$42,321
    (homeowner*),
    +$50,651 (business)

    Return on Investment
    (ROI)

    N/A (cost only)

    172.74%
    (homeowner*),
    313.24% (business)

    Annual Operating
    Costs

    $974 (fuel +
    maintenance)

    Minimal

    Energy Bill
    Savings

    None

    $1,800 in first
    year, increases yearly

    Payback Period

    N/A

    ~11-12 years
    (homeowner*),
    ~9 years (business)

    Environmental
    Impact

    Produces
    emissions

    Clean energy,
    reduces carbon footprint

    Maintenance
    Requirements

    Regular
    maintenance needed

    Minimal
    maintenance

    Fuel Dependent

    Relies on
    natural gas or propane

    No fuel required

    Tax Incentives

    None

    30% federal tax
    credit, depreciation benefits for businesses

    Power
    Availability

    Daily energy
    production with backup capacity

    Daily energy
    production with backup capacity

    Scalability

    Limited

    Expandable (add
    panels or batteries)

    Lag-time when
    power drops

    Almost
    instantaneous

    Several seconds,
    up to 30 seconds

    * There is a 30% tax refund
    or “rebated” for most nonprofits. Nonprofits would generally have the same
    advantages and ROI as the homeowner. See IRS.gov for qualifying orgs.


  • Earth Day: Drawdown & GAI

     What does GenAI have to say about the scientific-based
    solutions promoted by Project Drawdown? ProjectDrawdown.org (Another take on Earth Day using GAI.)

    We employed our fav
    GenAIs to chat about Project Drawdown. This is the overview with
    the prompts.

    Please feel free to run GenAI chat with your own queries.

    Q: Project Drawdown
    looks at the biggest places to make the greatest impact toward reducing human
    impact on the planet. What are the most impactful of these?

    Q: What are the ways
    that someone of average income in the USA could make the most impact based on
    these top 10 solutions?

    Q: Are there better
    places to look related to reducing human impacts than Project Drawdown?

    Q: Create a table of
    the key things someone could do that indicates how they might help: Time,
    Treasure ($), or Talent? i.e., Time, $, or Skill

    Q: Create a graphic
    that visualizes imagery from this table.

    #EarthDay
    #ReduceReuseRecycle #SustainZine #Sustainability #CarbonFootprint
    #ScenarioPlans #DelphiPlan

    * *

    You: Project Drawdown
    looks at the biggest places to make the greatest impact toward reducing human
    impact on the planet. What are the most impactful of these?

    ChatGPT (2024, April
    20)

    Project Drawdown is
    a research organization that identifies and models the most substantive
    solutions to stop global warming. According to their research, some of the most
    impactful solutions for reducing humanity’s impact on the planet span various
    sectors, including energy, food, women and girls, and land use. Here are some
    of the top solutions they’ve identified:

    1. Reducing Food Waste: About a third
      of all food produced globally is either lost or wasted. Reducing food
      waste can significantly cut down on methane emissions from landfills and
      reduce the need for additional food production, which is a major driver of
      deforestation and habitat loss.
    2. Plant-Rich Diets: Shifting
      diets away from meat, particularly beef, can reduce methane emissions,
      save water and land, and decrease carbon emissions. Livestock farming is
      one of the biggest contributors to deforestation and methane emissions.
    3. Tropical Forest
      Restoration
      : Restoring degraded tropical forests and stopping further
      deforestation can act as a carbon sink, removing carbon dioxide from the
      atmosphere while also preserving biodiversity and preventing habitat loss.
    4. Health and Education: Addressing
      the health and education of women and girls can have a profound impact on
      population growth. More educated women tend to have fewer children and
      healthier families, which can slow population growth and reduce the
      associated pressures on the planet’s resources.
    5. Solar Farms and
      Rooftop Solar
      : Solar energy can replace reliance on fossil fuels for electricity
      production, which is a major source of CO2 emissions. Expanding both
      utility-scale solar farms and rooftop solar installations are key
      strategies in the shift towards renewable energy.
    6. Wind Energy (Onshore
      and Offshore)
      : Like solar, wind energy provides a substantial mitigation
      opportunity for carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuels. Onshore and
      offshore wind farms are becoming increasingly cost-competitive and
      efficient.
    7. Refrigerant
      Management
      : Managing and disposing of refrigerants like HFCs, which are potent
      greenhouse gases, is critical. Proper management can prevent these
      chemicals from reaching the atmosphere when cooling devices are discarded.
    8. Electrification of
      Transportation
      : Transitioning from fossil-fuel-powered vehicles to electric
      vehicles (EVs) can significantly reduce carbon emissions, especially as
      the electricity grid becomes greener with increased penetration of
      renewable energy sources.

    These solutions are not only effective
    in reducing carbon emissions but also in helping adapt to climate change
    impacts, preserving the environment, and enhancing sustainability. Implementing
    these solutions globally requires collaboration across governments, industries,
    and communities to realize significant impacts.

     

    You

    What are the ways
    that someone of average income in the USA could make the most impact based on
    these top 10 solutions?

    ChatGPT (2024, April
    20)

    For someone with an
    average income in the USA, there are practical and impactful ways to contribute
    to Project Drawdown’s top solutions for combating climate change. Here’s how
    individuals can make a difference based on some of the most effective strategies
    identified by Project Drawdown:

    1. Reducing Food Waste:
      • Plan meals
        carefully to avoid over-purchasing.
      • Store food
        properly to extend its shelf life.
      • Use leftovers
        creatively to ensure that less food ends up in the trash.
    1. Adopting a Plant-Rich
      Diet
      :
      • Reduce meat
        consumption, particularly beef, which has a high environmental impact.
      • Incorporate
        more plant-based meals into your diet, which can also be cost-effective.
    1. Supporting Renewable
      Energy
      :
      • If possible,
        switch to a green energy provider that supplies electricity from
        renewable sources like solar or wind.
      • Consider
        installing solar panels if you own a home and it’s financially viable.
        Many states offer incentives that can reduce upfront costs.
    1. Enhancing Home Energy
      Efficiency
      :
      • Upgrade to
        energy-efficient appliances as older ones need replacement.
      • Improve home
        insulation to reduce heating and cooling costs and energy use.
      • Install smart
        thermostats to better control heating and cooling.
    1. Using Sustainable
      Transportation
      :
      • Utilize public
        transportation where available.
      • Consider
        purchasing an electric vehicle or a hybrid if you’re in the market for a
        new car.
      • Carpool with
        others to reduce the number of vehicles on the road.
    1. Recycling and
      Composting
      :
      • Follow local
        recycling guidelines to ensure proper recycling of materials.
      • Start
        composting food scraps and yard waste to reduce landfill use and produce
        valuable compost for gardening.
    1. Educating and
      Advocating
      :
      • Educate
        yourself about environmental issues and solutions through credible
        sources.
      • Advocate for
        policies that support renewable energy, conservation, and sustainable
        practices at local, state, and national levels.
    1. Supporting
      Responsible Companies
      :
      • Purchase from
        companies that have committed to reducing environmental impacts.
      • Support
        businesses that use sustainable practices and materials.
    1. Community Involvement:
      • Participate in
        or organize local clean-up days, tree-planting events, or other
        community-based environmental initiatives.
      • Volunteer with
        local groups that focus on environmental stewardship.

    These actions, while individually
    small, can collectively lead to significant environmental benefits when adopted
    by a large number of people. By making mindful choices about how we eat,
    travel, consume, and invest our money, average-income individuals can indeed
    contribute effectively to global efforts against climate change.

     

    You

    Are there better
    places to look related to reducing human impacts than Project Drawdown?

    ChatGPT (2024, April
    20)

    Project Drawdown is
    one of the leading organizations focused on identifying and promoting effective
    solutions to combat global warming. It offers a science-based analysis of the
    most impactful ways to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and suggests practical
    solutions that can be implemented across various sectors. However, depending on
    your specific interests or focus, there are other organizations and resources
    that also provide valuable information on reducing human impacts on the
    environment:

    1. Intergovernmental
      Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
      :
      • Offers
        comprehensive scientific reports on climate change, its implications, and
        potential future scenarios based on different mitigation strategies.
        These reports are used worldwide to guide policy and decision-making.
    1. World Resources
      Institute (WRI)
      :
      • Provides
        research and recommendations on environmental issues like climate change,
        energy, food, forests, water, and cities. WRI focuses on large-scale
        policy shifts and practical solutions that can drive sustainable growth.
    1. The Nature
      Conservancy
      :
      • Focuses on
        conservation efforts to protect natural areas and biodiversity around the
        world. They work on climate change, sustainable land use, and water
        conservation projects and provide guidance on how individuals and
        companies can reduce their ecological footprints.
    1. Union of Concerned
      Scientists
      :
      • Uses science
        to address global problems such as climate change, energy,
        transportation, and agriculture. They offer practical solutions and
        advocate for science-based policies.
    1. Environmental Defense
      Fund (EDF)
      :
      • Focuses on
        tackling environmental issues through strong science, innovative markets,
        corporate partnerships, and effective laws and policy. They work on
        climate, oceans, ecosystems, and health.
    1. Greenpeace:
      • An independent
        organization which uses non-violent creative action to pave the way
        towards a greener, more peaceful world, and to confront the systems that
        threaten our environment.
    1. 350.org:
      • An
        international movement working to end the use of fossil fuels and
        transition to renewable energy by building global grassroots movements.
    1. The Energy and
      Resources Institute (TERI)
      :
      • Focuses on
        conducting research for sustainable development of India and the Global
        South. TERI has pioneered conversations and actions in energy efficiency,
        renewable energy, and climate resilience.

    Each of these organizations offers
    unique perspectives and solutions based on their areas of expertise, from local
    action plans to global policy advocacy. Depending on the level of involvement
    or type of impact you are interested in, these resources can provide additional
    insights and avenues for action alongside or beyond what Project Drawdown
    offers.

     

    You

    Create a table of
    the key things someone could do that indicates how they might help: Time,
    Treasure ($), or Talent? i.e., Time, $, or Skill

    ChatGPT (2024, April
    20)

    Here is a table
    categorizing key environmental actions based on whether they primarily require
    time, financial investment (treasure), or specific skills (talent). This can
    help individuals decide how best they can contribute to reducing human impacts
    on the environment based on their personal resources and abilities.

    Action

    Main Requirement

    Description

    Reducing food
    waste

    Time

    Planning meals,
    storing food properly, and using leftovers effectively require time
    management.

    Adopting a
    plant-rich diet

    Time

    Researching
    recipes and meal planning for a plant-based diet involves a time commitment.

    Installing solar
    panels

    Treasure

    Requires a
    financial investment but can lead to long-term savings and environmental
    benefits.

    Upgrading to
    energy-efficient appliances

    Treasure

    Initial cost is
    high, but these appliances save money in the long run and reduce energy use.

    Using public
    transportation

    Time

    May require more
    travel time compared to personal vehicles but reduces carbon footprint.

    Purchasing from
    sustainable brands

    Treasure

    Often involves
    paying a premium for environmentally friendly products.

    Volunteering for
    local environmental groups

    Time

    Giving time to
    support local initiatives and participate in community projects.

    Learning and
    applying permaculture

    Talent

    Requires learning
    specific skills for sustainable land use and gardening.

    Advocating for
    environmental policies

    Time

    Involves spending
    time to understand issues, communicate with representatives, and mobilize.

    Educating others
    about sustainability

    Talent

    Teaching requires
    skills in communication and a deep understanding of the topics.

    This table should help you understand
    where your efforts might fit best in terms of contributing to environmental
    sustainability—whether you have more time, money, or specific skills to offer.

     

     

    You

    Create a graphic that visualizes
    imagery from this table.

    ChatGPT (2024, April
    20)

     

    Here is the educational infographic
    that visualizes key environmental actions based on their main requirements:
    Time, Treasure ($), and Talent. The graphic is designed to be clear and
    colorful, making it suitable for educational purposes. You can view and use
    this infographic to better understand where your contributions might fit best
    in promoting environmental sustainability.

     

     

  • GenAI on Earth Day

    Happy Earth Day ! GenAI and I had a talk today about Earth Day… Over at our sister site on sustainability: SustainZine.com … The Earth Day 2024 posts are divided into: Overview, Part 1, and Part 2 .

    There’s a simple quiz on this Earth Day (Plastics). See what my fav GenAI chatbots had to say about getting to zero carbon emissions. What if GenAI were a world leader? Hmmm…

    The scenario planning that Earth Day (and long-term sustainability) imply are dramatic. The cost estimates of doing nothing — well, doing more of the same (business as usual) — continue to escalate. There’s probably no industry in any country that doesn’t have to include climate change in their scenario planning.

    => The Earth Day using GenAI is part of our ongoing project to create Regenerative Dynamic (RegenD) Articles that combine Human + Artificial Intelligence (H+AI)… Along these lines, look at the variations of the Sustainability WikiBook which is a dynamic book outline on sustainability topics that links to major Wikipedia pages. the first WikiBook has an introduction that was last updated in 2018. There’s a blog post related to getting GenAI to dynamically produce such a Wikibook with Wikipedia links.

    #EarthDay #earthdayeveryday #Sustainability #ReduceReuseRecycle #ScenarioPlans #DelphiPlan #H+AI #RefractiveThinker

  • Update to Sustainability WikiBook (Using the power of Generative AI)

    It’s been a while since the Perpetual Sustainability(tm) wikibook has been updated. The idea behind the book was that people could link through on each sustainability-related topic and find up-to-date information on the topic as only Wikipedia can provide — the genius of crowdsourcing. We let ChatGPT 4.0 work on an update (and the graphic). What do you think?

    YOU Q:
    Please generate an outline improved from the one attached that includes
    hyperlinks to each topic. Where appropriate include links to quality Wikipedia
    articles. Also, please u
    tilize
    the WikiBook outline with Wikipedia hyper links by Hall from:
    https://perpetualinnovation.org/p/sust-wikibook-links.html

    Sustainability
    WikiBook Outline

    Introduction

    Earth Systems & Climate Change

    The Carbon Cycle

    Hydrocarbons & Fossil Fuels

    Energy, Water, and Resources Nexus

    Carbon Emissions and Management

    Sustainable Solutions

    References and Further Reading

     

    YOU: Q: Please
    create a graphic book cover as well.

     

    YOU
    Q:

    Generate a reference and reading list. format the references in APA format.